Friday, March 28, 2014

Voice Post



Everyone should meet Tumwijuke Mutambuka. She is a native Ugandan who authors a blog called Ugandan Insomniac. On one hand, she is brutally honest. The words that scramble out of her unfiltered mind paint her posts with vivid social commentary and humor. She depicts life in Uganda with a satirical simplicity that elucidates larger societal issues. In this way, her spontaneity and passion arouses laughter. On the other hand, the heart of her words highlight deeper, serious issues. In fact, her witty sarcasm can also evoke a sadness that comes from a true understanding of her words.

For example In her post entitled “Mr. Museveni, Please Come toMy Wedding”, Tumwijuke utilizes extreme sarcasm that undertones her entire post. She is also writing as if she is talking to President Museveni. She writes in a submissive manner, but not because she is submissive. In fact, she is the opposite of submissive, as her sarcasm conveys a sense of feisty-ness.  For example, she says:

Mr. President, I don’t have a husband-in-waiting. I’m searching for one, but the hunt is hard. You understand, don’t you? You said, a few years ago, that you were looking for people with vision. I felt your pain when you admitted to being tormented because only you had the power of foresight for Uganda. I identify, Mr. President. I identify. There are no men who live up to my one and only requirement that they be men. Masculinity and vision are hard to find these days.”

Through these words, she highlights an unrealistic oppression like attitude towards women that Museveni encourages. She agrees with Museveni and his strife for “vision” and acknowledges that only he has the “power of foresight for Uganda”. However, by agreeing with him and somewhat idolizing his authority, she is actually undermining him. She using irony, especially when she uses repeat words like “I identify”. She doesn’t actually identify with Museveni. She is against his “vision” and undermines him in this post. By using irony, she is humorously tackling a larger issue.

This is especially apparent when she says how her “one and only requirement” is that “they be men”. Obviously, people aren’t that simple. The view that women don’t have needs or expectations other than simply having a man is patronizing towards women and their complex humanity. This sort of jaded oppression of women deprives them of the empowerment, understanding, and respect they deserve. Nonetheless, she will remain submissive, as a good woman must be. All she needs is masculinity and her problems are solved. This is satirical, as she does not agree and is not actually submissive. Instead, her post depicts Museveni’s ridiculous adherence to traditional gender roles. 
 

            This humorous rejection of Museveni and his beliefs is intensified when she keeps inviting him to her wedding. Her wedding will be perfect because it is up to Museveni’s  standards. She uses sarcasm when she says,



A congregation full of people cheering me on, praising me for my poor dress sense, clapping at my unwise decision to choose a five-time divorcee as my marriage counselor. As we leave the church, smiling hoards bless my man and I, ignoring the fact that he is a known thief and scoundrel. It’s beautiful, Mr. President.”


Because the only requirement is that he be a man, the quality of her husband’s character doesn’t matter. Musveni would rather see traditional marriages (as he is against homosexuality) than marriages of people with true love and upright character. It is ironic and sad. It doesn’t matter that her husband is a “thief” and a “scoundrel”, because he only needs to be a man. Here the author overstates the situation with her imaginary husband to show how wrong Museveni is for focusing solely on gender when defining the value of matrimony. But it’s okay, because “it’s beautiful”. This is ironic because no one would agree that being married to a thief and scoundrel is beautiful. Later she says,  “I’ll laugh as you misquote the Bible” as a direct address to Museveni and his hypocritical adherence to conservative values in the bible.

Her humor is often a gateway to resolving unanswered questions and complexities that life has to offer. Upon first glance, her humor might seem to understate these questions and complexities. However, her understatements actually act as a spotlight to draw attention to and magnify Ugandan issues. This is precisely what makes her words genius-ly humorous. She has a profound understanding and awareness of her environment, and she uses sarcasm and wit to display this awareness.

She has a strong opinion, and she strives to stir yours in a conversation that dives beyond surface humor. This unfiltered, boisterous personality charged with wisdom and a true yearning for life makes Tumwijuke one of a kind. She will engage you and tackle issues through both humor and deep reflection. She is insightful and interesting.

Another example of this is found in her post entitled “Laughing at Our Own Absurdity”. Before she even tackles the absurdity mentioned in the title, she prefaces her post with saying that she has no constructive options to offer. Essentially, this means her post will be a funny rant. I have no constructive options to offer. I’m jus’ saying’ … 
 

Her abbreviation of “just” with “jus’” creates a nonchalant tone that is friendly and colloquial for the reader. However, even though this is so nonchalant, there is a suspenseful use of punctuation with the “…”. What does this mean?



When reading further into her post, it is funny to see how ridiculous Ugandan society is that they would actually market children for commercial value. However, the “…” shows that while one can comment on this absurdity with humor, its also a problem. She uses a personification when saying  “Yes, Uganda knows how to sell its children.”  The use of “yes” sets an encouraging tone that encourages the selling children. It is this “yes he sure did eat his vegetables, like a good boy” sort of attitude. Uganda ate its vegetables and was good by selling children. This is sarcasm, as the author doesn’t actually agree with selling children. However, she is recognizing a reality of the market economy with her humor. 


Uganda is a country, not a person. However, it seems like everyone in Uganda does not question or think twice about the wrongfulness of marketing children for money. Good job Uganda! By interjecting with phrases like “Eeeeeh? Aaaaaah!” she magnifies the absurdity of marketing children like animals on display. But then she says “But who are we to point fingers? After all, we are the country that has profited from the marketing of children.” By asking this question and using “we” she identifies with the reader and groups herself as part of the society with the problem. This is an address to the reader, and by saying “we” she incorporates a relationship with that reader in this shared Ugandan problem they must tackle. 

Furthermore, in statements like,
What is wrong with this? They are doing a good job! They are raising good money for the underprivileged in Uganda. What are you doing? Their mission is higher than any because it is a mission directed by God” 
she is overstating in order to highlight the issue. She is echoing common sentiments of children marketing advocates, and ironically labeling this exploitation of children  a “mission directed by God”. 

This is sarcasm that depicts ignorance. Does the morality suggested by God in the bible aim to exploit children? In one sense, they really are raising money for Uganda. However, her commentary shows that this fundraising and attempts to justify selling children in a skewed moral way is ridiculous. Selling children is immoral, and there’s no way to squeak by in justifications for it. She then echoes the same words from the beginning:
“I said it at the beginning. I have no constructive options to offer. I’m jus’ sayin’.”

Her use of repetition reemphasizes her point, and her roundabout analysis of the issue. She doesn’t have a solution, but this is obviously a problem. She uses examples of different children choirs and how pretty children are more successful in an erratic exaggeration. The fact that pretty children are more successful is obviously an issue that highlights superficiality that stifles the morality of society. Her exaggerations demand reader attention to the absurdity of this entire concept. Thus, she has mastered humor as a means of exploring complex issues. 

She uses emotions of excitement and happy agreement to convey the opposite. Her blog posts are a slap in the face that wake Ugandan’s up to bitter realities. Her fluid, enticing nature draws readers in to these topics that should be taken seriously. Her good humor and positive tone may account for this because less people would read her blog if it was simply angry rantings. People love her ideas and her voice because it is witty and well constructed displays of societal problems.

Through your friendship with Tumwijuke, you will succumb to an inescapable attraction as she mesmerizes you with her intelligent charm. She will hold your attention for hours through either lighthearted laughter or relevant conversation. After knowing her for a long time, you will find yourself both laughing and contemplating the world around you. These factors will culminate into a critical understanding of the world in which you live. Overall, Tumwijuke will captivate you with her passion in an invaluable encounter you will NEVER forget.

By the way, I have never met or spoken to Tumwijuke Mutambuka...

Okay, so what’s the catch? Why did I market a complete stranger to you? Well, the answer is simple: READ HER BLOG.

I was not able to create such a vivid character description of her because I am a stalker. Rather, her complex personality is beautifully transparent through her artfully crafted words. She has a very strong voice that shines in every blog post she writes. She voices her personality so clearly that I feel as if she is talking to me directly. Thus, with each post, our relationship strengthens.
Without reading any of her posts, one can easily detect her humorous personality. She unveils herself with no shame as she introduces herself as:
“30-something journalist, writer and quack psychoanalyst (un) successfully pondering the complexities of herself, her people, her country and her world”. In her other blog that she links to, she identifies as a “30-something, overweight journalist”. 


Her indifference to provide a specific age sets a nonchalant tone for her blog. She calls herself a “quack”, using a colloquial slang term that instantly establishes a friendly relationship with the reader. The word “quack” is generally used to show how something is artificial. According to Wikipedia, “quackery” is a fraudulent or unproven medical skill. By calling herself a quack, she establishes that she isn’t a “professional”.   

However, the word quack serves as a double entendre because the general public is well aware of the harsh criticisms of psychoanalysis and its risks of being inaccurate and unreliable. This double entendre sets the stage for her blog as one of opinion. It is up to the reader to agree or disagree with her observances of her world. She doesn’t pretend to know everything, as her blog is psychoanalysis of the world that may or may not be successful. Her use of (un) before “successful” echoes this sentiment, but by using “un” in parentheses, it reinforces her humor. She would like to say her analysis is amazing and successful, but knows her ranting’s might be wrong. This is a space for opinion that works through a complex web of thoughts and sheds light on true understanding. 


Because her blog is very opinionated, it wont contribute to the factual health information that I strive to incorporate into my blog. However, her opinion and first-hand knowledge of her own country is a wonderful insight for health professionals to use in analyzing the community. Her pondering of Uganda and brave journey to reconcile societal issues is a wonderful foundation for health research and understanding.


Friday, March 14, 2014

Profiling a Blog: Diary of a Muzungu

 I haven’t found many bloggers who dedicate entire blogs to Uganda. I usually see Uganda lost among the shuffle of travel blogs as one of many visited countries. However, in the midst of my delirium, I stumbled upon an amazing travel blog! Although other countries are discussed, the main focus is Uganda.

The blog is called “Diary of a Muzungu”, and a British woman named Charlotte authors it. Charlotte started this blog five years ago as a way to document her journey and volunteer initiatives in Uganda. She joined an international development charity called VSO (Voluntary Services Overseas), which strives to find a long-term solution to global poverty. The four main focuses of VSO are health, participation and governance, secure livelihoods, and education. This development is a holistic approach to global issues through fusing human rights and health together. These emphases are the same focuses of public health, as public health analyzes health determinants in a holistic way. Because I strive to join the public health field, “Diary of a Muzungu” is incredibly useful to me.

Not only does this blog parallel with my area of study, but it also matches my passion for serving others and bettering the global community. This blog holds a mirror in front of my face, as I started my blog with the same intentions. I want to understand Uganda and what contributes to the overall well being of Ugandans before I begin global health volunteering in May. My blog has a very short-term goal of detailing my learning and experiences in Uganda. However, Charlotte’s blog showed me the enormous capabilities of my own blog. The blog may start out as a small-scaled means of Ugandan research and volunteer initiatives (just like hers), and then expand into a massive outlet to build future learning off of. Thus, I am interested in Charlotte’s work and any insight she has to offer about her volunteer journey.

Ultimately, VSO partnered Charlotte with the Uganda Conservation Foundation in 2009. She spent the next 5 years at Uganda Conservation Foundation with the goal of “achieving the balance between human development and wildlife and habitat conservation”.

Since then, she has dramatically expanded her blog and provided organized sections called “Adventure”, “Conservation”, “Diary”, “Society & Culture”, “Travel Tips”, “Travel”, and “Volunteering”. Because she posted monthly (or at least once every few months) for five years, this organization is important. No one wants to read through 5 years of posts without a sense of the changing topics between each post. Her organization addresses this by filtering the posts by topic. This way, readers can choose a topic and read through posts that are specific to their interests. The functional nature of her blog might be one reason why her blog is popular. More than half of her page viewers spend 2.5+ hours reading her blog. The average viewer looks at her blog 3 times a day, depicting how her interesting posts draw people back to her site.

Charlotte’s strong voice is another reason her blog caught my attention. Her words captivated me and sparked my interest in both the work she was doing and in who she actually is. I see a kind, humorous soul in this blog, and I want to know more! I never really thought about the importance of voice until starting my own blog and discussing voice in class. However, I’ve realized how finding your voice is tremendously important. The voice behind the words is the inspiration that charges the words with purpose.

Charlotte’s blog is very encouraging to me because I can see how greatly she has grown over the past few years. She started her blog with a shy, noob-like tone saying “I’m just learning the ropes here with blogging but thought you might be interested in hearing about my journey ‘pre-departure’.” Her only tag was “Uganda” and she had no links to support the networking aspect of her posts. This is exactly what my noob blog looks like, as I am still finding my voice and figuring out how to contribute to the social network with my ideas.

However, today I see a strong, humorous voice that appeals to both common readers and academic scholars/ professionals. Charlotte appeals to professional audiences because she supports her ideas with facts. Her posts depict quality content because her volunteer experiences are portrayed through the lens of research and understanding. In fact, her blog is cited as a main source for a Wikipedia page on Muzungus. On the other hand, the way she delivers this content and the insertion of her personality makes her blog attractive to the common reader. Thus, all readers can enjoy “Diary of a Muzungu”.

Examples of some of her interesting posts are:

This post appeals to the common reader part of me who just wants to know what to look forward to when I go to Uganda. Maybe I will love these things too!

This post appeals to the scholar part of me because it details the history of the Ndere Cultural Centre and the Uganda Development Theatre Association. They topics are: dance, development, the impact of colonialism on traditional culture, and the conflicts of homosexuality and born-again Christians.I am interested in how these topics affect the health of the community.

I aspire to model "Diary of a Muzungu" for my own blog writing, as Charlotte portrays a wonderful integration of her voice and personality with the details of her work and experiences. She went from being the shy blogger with 1 tag to a smooth, humorous blogger who invites you in by saying “I am the Captain for your tour of the Pearl of Africa”.

Now her posts are filled with tags like this:




       In addition, all of her posts are packed with links! She links to pictures, other websites supporting her ideas, site-seeing websites, and other blog posts. If she mentions a topic that she covered more extensively in another post, she links the reader to that post. All of her links are integrated into her sentences. Consequently, her links are not a long daunting list at the end of her post, but a very fluid integration of links within sentences. I want to master this as well (this will also add to the credibility of my posts).

      All of her tagging and linking shows that she is very detailed in her posts. Although she only posts monthly, she packs each post with links and accounts of numerous experiences. This means her posts are action packed with information!


 I want to use “Diary of a Muzungu” as a model for my own blog, having the ability to both educate and entertain a wide range of audiences. My hope is that in a few months I will be as eloquent and colorful as Charlotte in portraying my experiences and my voice within my experiences. I am hoping to surpass my noob status! 

Our blogs will differ in that I am not going to Uganda for animal conservation efforts. Instead, I will be working with people and focusing on the issues of HIV, maternal mortality, malaria, agriculture, etc. I will also only be in Uganda for 3 weeks vs. Charlotte's 5 years, and I am not going to the other African countries she has been to. However, only time will tell what my future holds. It is possible that my blog, like Charlotte’s, will evolve into a broader, more comprehensive outlet for my future travels and volunteer efforts!

Thursday, March 6, 2014

Homophobia and HIV

In my previous "Is Gay OKAY?" blog post, I addressed the Anti-Homosexuality Bill crisis in Uganda. The bill called for the lifetime imprisonment of homosexuals. My blog post left off with the burning question of whether Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni would sign the Anti-Homosexuality bill. I am saddened to say that Museveni signed the Anti-Homosexuality Bill on February 24th, 2014. The imprisonment ranges from 7 years to life.

The implications of this law are vast and complicated. On one hand, signing this bill is a tragic violation of fundamental human rights. Human rights advocatesare both disgusted and devastated with the decision. For example, U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay said, “disapproval of homosexuality by some can never justify violating the fundamental human
rights of others". 


I agree with this sentiment, as I don’t think human beings should be punished for who they are or what they believe in. Our very unique nature doesn’t lend itself to fitting in a specific mold of how a human being “should be”. Our world thrives on diversity, and there is no perfect mold. Even if a perfect mold existed, none of us would fill it. Furthermore, we cannot abuse, discriminate, or criminalize others for being different. Criminalizing homosexuals deprives them of a life of freedom and protection from stigma and violence.


In addition, criminalizing homosexuals perpetuates prejudice and shame that often excludes them from receiving the healthcare that they need. This inequality is unacceptable because it furthers the suffering of an already marginalized group and senselessly
claims a countless number of lives. Sexuality should not dictate who has a right to live, for every person should have a right to health. Thus, this blog post will focus on the health implications of homophobia .


 Because homosexuals are part of a high-risk group for HIV contraction and transmission, I want to explore the relationship
between homophobia and HIV. Does Uganda’s Anti- Homosexuality Law solidify and perpetuate preexisting homophobic sentiments in a way that increases HIV
prevalence?


In order to elucidate a proper understanding of this relationship, I will first establish a historical context of HIV in Uganda.  In the 1990’s, Uganda’s HIV prevalence was an alarming 18%. In response to this climbing HIV rate, Uganda initiated an aggressive “ABC” prevention campaign. The campaign was called “ABC” because it stood for “Abstinence, Being Faithful, and Condoms”. Ugandans were expected to follow the A-B-C approach in order, as the campaign largely focused on encouraging monogamous sexual relationships. Although condoms were an option, the campaign encouraged condom use as a last resort.  Overall, the ABC campaign was conservative because it emphasized monogamy and fidelity. Because the sight of friends and family members dying of AIDS traumatized many Ugandans, they took the HIV campaign very seriously. As a result, the campaign caused a large-scale behavioral change in reducing the number of sexual partners. This led to a HIV reduction from 18% in 1990 to 6% in 2000.  

However, HIV efforts saw failures in the new millennium. In 2003, President Museveni advocated for amore conservative approach.  The ABC campaign quickly changed to a fidelity and monogamy campaign with viral videos and advertisements like this telling people to “Get off the Sexual Network”:






Ugandans were expected to either abstain from sex or be faithful to their partners. Because extra-marital affairs are condemned as wrong, Museveni did not advocate for condoms that would be used in such affairs. Condoms were stamped as facilitators of infidelity.  This prompted President Museveni to neglect condom campaigns and spend a lot of time and money advocating for abstinence instead. Obviously, this is a moral ideal rather than a practical reality.

            As this conservative idealism progressed, social expectations of morality complicated health initiatives to reduce HIV. The neglect of condom campaigns was only the beginning of this mess. The need to maintain a morally upright society turned HIV prevention efforts on its head, as more emphasis was placed on eliminating marginalized communities such as the homosexuals. Thus, the people who were at highest risk for HIV infection were ignored.

          In 2009, homophobia climaxed with the proposal of an Anti-Homosexuality Bill that criminalized same sex relations and imposed a death penalty on homosexuals.  Despite the fact that this bill wasn’t passed till February 2014 (potential life imprisonment instead of death penalty), it is clear that homophobic sentiments have historically dominated Ugandan society. These sentiments bar homosexuals with HIV from receiving HIV care.

Statements like this highlight the issue further:

Presidential Advisor on Science Dr Richard Tushemereirwe told Museveni that "homosexuality has serious public health consequences and should therefore not be tolerated".

This statement truly troubles me because it seems incredibly backwards. The fact that serious public health consequences like HIV exist in the homosexual community is the REASON THEY SHOULD tolerate homosexuality. Toleration is not promotion. Ugandan health professionals might not be willing to promote homosexuality, but that doesn’t negate the fact that these are human beings in need of health care.

 Furthermore, providing healthcare is not synonymous with promoting homosexuality in the same way that providing condoms is not synonymous with promoting infidelity. What is “right” should not be equated to what is “safe”. These terms are not mutually exclusive. Criminalizing homosexuals will only worsen access to healthcare and thus increase HIV rates.

Here are some examples of barriers to HIV care that homosexuals with HIV face:

  • Choose to hide their sexuality. Condemned to a life of secrecy
  • Widespread intolerance prevents them from accessing HIV services
  • Homosexuals are excluded from HIV studies. This means public health interventions are never created to address their needs
  • Information about gay men not widely available: causes lack of health knowledge about how to practice safe anal sex and how to access HIV care
  • Gay men face discrimination for being both gay and HIV + causes social ostracism from services
  • Violence, threats, stigma

        The Anti-Homosexuality Law simply confirms that neglect and abuse of homosexuals is okay. It solidifies the injustices they already suffer in a stigmatizing society, building a bigger wall between HIV infected homosexuals and the treatment they need. 

Since 2003, when Museveni shifted HIV efforts in a more conservative direction, HIV has increased from 6 to 7.4%. I believe that Uganda’s morality conflict accounts for this increase, and the Anti-Homosexuality bill was just the icing on the cake. The Anti-Homosexuality Law highlights a larger societal issue that needs to be addressed. Without a serious break in the entanglement between morality and public health, I fear that Uganda is headed down a road with devastating health consequences.